Severe dystonia, dyskinesia, and choreoathetosis can be treated with monoamine-depleting or dopaminergic agents. About 20% of individuals require more than one ASM and approximately 25% are refractory to ASM therapy. The most commonly used anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are phenobarbital, valproic acid, and vigabatrin. Treatment of manifestations: Standard treatments for developmental, cognitive, and neurobehavioral issues.
